Dépouillements

How perception, action, functional value, and context can shape the development of infant reaching / Joshua L. Williams in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.5-15 Titre : How perception, action, functional value, and context can shape the development of infant reaching Titre original : Comment la perception, l’action, la valeur fonctionnelle et le contexte peuvent façonner le développement de la préhension chez le bébé Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Joshua L. Williams, Auteur ; Daniela Corbetta, Auteur ; Lauren Cobb, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.5-15 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Infant reaching  motor development  dynamic systems  reinforcement learning  neural group selection Résumé : The development of reaching in infancy has been the focus of much research attention for many decades. Several accounts have been put forth to explain the processes leading to the emergence of this fundamental behavior. In recent years, however, the dynamic systems, neuronal group selection, and approximate optimal control perspectives have contributed to offer a more comprehensive account of how reaching emerges and forms in early infancy. Furthermore, these contemporary theories provide insights into the concept of developmental trajectories, in which action, perception, functional values, and context play an important role in shaping the emergence and development of infant behavior. In this review, we briefly present the main tenets of two major past theories used to account for the development of reaching in infancy. Then, we focus on the theoretical concepts brought about by the more contemporary perspectives. We provide examples of developmental trajectories in support of these more recent perspectives. We emphasize that one commonality across these contemporary perspectives is the importance of repeated cycles of perception and action, which aid in the exploration and selection of successful reaching movements over time. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150005/sm150005.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40792 [article] How perception, action, functional value, and context can shape the development of infant reaching = Comment la perception, l’action, la valeur fonctionnelle et le contexte peuvent façonner le développement de la préhension chez le bébé [texte imprimé] / Joshua L. Williams, Auteur ; Daniela Corbetta, Auteur ; Lauren Cobb, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.5-15. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.5-15 Mots-clés : Infant reaching  motor development  dynamic systems  reinforcement learning  neural group selection Résumé : The development of reaching in infancy has been the focus of much research attention for many decades. Several accounts have been put forth to explain the processes leading to the emergence of this fundamental behavior. In recent years, however, the dynamic systems, neuronal group selection, and approximate optimal control perspectives have contributed to offer a more comprehensive account of how reaching emerges and forms in early infancy. Furthermore, these contemporary theories provide insights into the concept of developmental trajectories, in which action, perception, functional values, and context play an important role in shaping the emergence and development of infant behavior. In this review, we briefly present the main tenets of two major past theories used to account for the development of reaching in infancy. Then, we focus on the theoretical concepts brought about by the more contemporary perspectives. We provide examples of developmental trajectories in support of these more recent perspectives. We emphasize that one commonality across these contemporary perspectives is the importance of repeated cycles of perception and action, which aid in the exploration and selection of successful reaching movements over time. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150005/sm150005.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40792

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Effects of distance and eye-height on time-to-contact estimates / Heiko Hecht in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.17-27 Titre : Effects of distance and eye-height on time-to-contact estimates Titre original : Les effets de la distance et du point-de-vue sur le jugement du temps de pré-contact Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Heiko Hecht, Auteur ; Klaus Landwehr, Auteur ; Bernhard Both, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.17-27 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Visual perception  distance  eye-height  time-to-collision  perspective Résumé : When making time-to-contact estimations, observers often factor misleading information into their judgments, maybe sacrificing accuracy for the sake of decision speed. We investigated to what extent judgments are vulnerable to misleading information caused by changes in observer perspective. Five experiments tested effects of distance and eye-height on predictions of object-object collisions seen against the background of a regular, an irregular, or a null ground-surface texture. By selectively keeping either viewing time, time-to-collision, or velocity constant, we unconfounded these variables. A total of 62 observers responded relatively earlier at greater distances, lower eye-heights, and longer times-to-collision. Ground-surface texture was practically ineffective. Results are discussed with regard to the controversies regarding the effects of irrelevant cues on the ability to extract the information relevant for making reliable estimates. Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40823 [article] Effects of distance and eye-height on time-to-contact estimates = Les effets de la distance et du point-de-vue sur le jugement du temps de pré-contact [texte imprimé] / Heiko Hecht, Auteur ; Klaus Landwehr, Auteur ; Bernhard Both, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.17-27. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.17-27 Mots-clés : Visual perception  distance  eye-height  time-to-collision  perspective Résumé : When making time-to-contact estimations, observers often factor misleading information into their judgments, maybe sacrificing accuracy for the sake of decision speed. We investigated to what extent judgments are vulnerable to misleading information caused by changes in observer perspective. Five experiments tested effects of distance and eye-height on predictions of object-object collisions seen against the background of a regular, an irregular, or a null ground-surface texture. By selectively keeping either viewing time, time-to-collision, or velocity constant, we unconfounded these variables. A total of 62 observers responded relatively earlier at greater distances, lower eye-heights, and longer times-to-collision. Ground-surface texture was practically ineffective. Results are discussed with regard to the controversies regarding the effects of irrelevant cues on the ability to extract the information relevant for making reliable estimates. Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40823

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Gaze-orientation during transient occlusion / Simon J. Bennett in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.29-42 Titre : Gaze-orientation during transient occlusion Titre original : Orientation du regard pendant les occlusions transitoires Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Simon J. Bennett, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.29-42 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Ocular movement  movement perception  extrapolation  prediction Résumé : Fast moving objects are often transiently occluded in our normal surrounds as they pass behind other surfaces and objects. The consequent loss of drive from visual feedback can be compensated by extra-retinal input. Evidence from behavioural studies indicates that gaze orientation during transient occlusion is not simply a reflexive response but can also be predictive of the upcoming motion. Indeed, while smooth pursuit eye velocity often falls below target velocity during a transient occlusion, it increases prior to object reappearance in order to reduce retinal slip. Moreover, the smooth response is combined with saccadic eye movements that match eye displacement to object displacement and thus minimize position error at object reappearance. Comparisons of conditions that require fixation or pursuit suggest that the maintenance of gaze orientation during transient occlusion is the habitual response and can facilitate both spatial and temporal estimation. Interconnected areas of the frontal and parietal cortex have been shown to be active during pursuit of occluded object motion and are thus thought to be involved in the control of gaze-orientation as well as representing object motion. Future work should determine whether expertise in sport mediates oculomotor control and thereby perception of relevant information to support expert performance. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150004/sm150004.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40824 [article] Gaze-orientation during transient occlusion = Orientation du regard pendant les occlusions transitoires [texte imprimé] / Simon J. Bennett, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.29-42. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.29-42 Mots-clés : Ocular movement  movement perception  extrapolation  prediction Résumé : Fast moving objects are often transiently occluded in our normal surrounds as they pass behind other surfaces and objects. The consequent loss of drive from visual feedback can be compensated by extra-retinal input. Evidence from behavioural studies indicates that gaze orientation during transient occlusion is not simply a reflexive response but can also be predictive of the upcoming motion. Indeed, while smooth pursuit eye velocity often falls below target velocity during a transient occlusion, it increases prior to object reappearance in order to reduce retinal slip. Moreover, the smooth response is combined with saccadic eye movements that match eye displacement to object displacement and thus minimize position error at object reappearance. Comparisons of conditions that require fixation or pursuit suggest that the maintenance of gaze orientation during transient occlusion is the habitual response and can facilitate both spatial and temporal estimation. Interconnected areas of the frontal and parietal cortex have been shown to be active during pursuit of occluded object motion and are thus thought to be involved in the control of gaze-orientation as well as representing object motion. Future work should determine whether expertise in sport mediates oculomotor control and thereby perception of relevant information to support expert performance. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150004/sm150004.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40824

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Perception, Observation et Action / Florent Lebon in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.43-52 Titre : Perception, Observation et Action Titre original : Perception, Observation and Action Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Florent Lebon ; Aymeric Guillot ; Christian Collet ; Papaxanthis Charalambos Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.43-52 Langues : Français (fre) Mots-clés : Neurones miroirs  observation  intention  apprentissage Résumé : L’observation d’actions est une caractéristique prépondérante de l’Homme et de l’animal et participe grandement au développement des habiletés motrices. Le fait de voir une tierce personne réaliser un mouvement active le réseau des neurones miroirs, reconnus comme la base neurophysiologique de la compréhension des actions d’autrui. Dans cette revue, nous discutons, dans un premier temps, des réponses centrales et comportementales sous-jacentes à l’observation. Ensuite, nous décrivons les bénéfices et les limites d’un (ré)apprentissage par observation. Enfin, nous présentons de nouvelles approches de la simulation d’actions combinant l’observation à d’autres opérations mentales d’origine interne ou externe. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150002/sm150002.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40825 [article] Perception, Observation et Action = Perception, Observation and Action [texte imprimé] / Florent Lebon ; Aymeric Guillot ; Christian Collet ; Papaxanthis Charalambos . - 2015 . - p.43-52. Langues : Français (fre) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.43-52 Mots-clés : Neurones miroirs  observation  intention  apprentissage Résumé : L’observation d’actions est une caractéristique prépondérante de l’Homme et de l’animal et participe grandement au développement des habiletés motrices. Le fait de voir une tierce personne réaliser un mouvement active le réseau des neurones miroirs, reconnus comme la base neurophysiologique de la compréhension des actions d’autrui. Dans cette revue, nous discutons, dans un premier temps, des réponses centrales et comportementales sous-jacentes à l’observation. Ensuite, nous décrivons les bénéfices et les limites d’un (ré)apprentissage par observation. Enfin, nous présentons de nouvelles approches de la simulation d’actions combinant l’observation à d’autres opérations mentales d’origine interne ou externe. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150002/sm150002.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40825

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The micro-macro link in understanding sport tactical behaviours: Integrating information and action at different levels of system analysis in sport / Duarte Araújo in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.53-63 Titre : The micro-macro link in understanding sport tactical behaviours: Integrating information and action at different levels of system analysis in sport Titre original : Les liens micro-macroscopiques dans la compréhension des comportements tactiques en sport : Intégration de l’information et de l’action à différents niveaux d’analyse des systèmes en sport Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Duarte Araújo ; Pedro Passos ; Pedro Esteves Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.53-63 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Decision-making  micro-macro links  perception and action  player-team interdependence  phase transitions  group behaviours Résumé : The micro-macro link is a central issue of human movement sciences because it directly refers to coordination and scalability of movement behaviour at different levels of analysis in a complex system. This aspect of complexity is a key feature to consider decisions and actions as transitional behaviours at different levels during performance. Transitions expressed through bifurcations are an important part of a universal decision-making process. Phase transitions analysis also provides a means to understand the micro-macro link. In this position paper, we explain how individuals perform decision-making behaviours in a minimal social performance unit (competing dyads), how groups or teams perform decision-making behaviours, and how these two levels are linked, originating system transitions at the macro level, i.e., the team level. Finally we discuss some applications of the understanding of the micro-macro link for the design of training programmes in sport. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150028/sm150028.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40826 [article] The micro-macro link in understanding sport tactical behaviours: Integrating information and action at different levels of system analysis in sport = Les liens micro-macroscopiques dans la compréhension des comportements tactiques en sport : Intégration de l’information et de l’action à différents niveaux d’analyse des systèmes en sport [texte imprimé] / Duarte Araújo ; Pedro Passos ; Pedro Esteves . - 2015 . - p.53-63. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.53-63 Mots-clés : Decision-making  micro-macro links  perception and action  player-team interdependence  phase transitions  group behaviours Résumé : The micro-macro link is a central issue of human movement sciences because it directly refers to coordination and scalability of movement behaviour at different levels of analysis in a complex system. This aspect of complexity is a key feature to consider decisions and actions as transitional behaviours at different levels during performance. Transitions expressed through bifurcations are an important part of a universal decision-making process. Phase transitions analysis also provides a means to understand the micro-macro link. In this position paper, we explain how individuals perform decision-making behaviours in a minimal social performance unit (competing dyads), how groups or teams perform decision-making behaviours, and how these two levels are linked, originating system transitions at the macro level, i.e., the team level. Finally we discuss some applications of the understanding of the micro-macro link for the design of training programmes in sport. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150028/sm150028.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40826

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What Variability tells us about motor expertise: measurements and perspectives from a complex system approach / John Komar in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.65-77 Titre : What Variability tells us about motor expertise: measurements and perspectives from a complex system approach Titre original : Ce que la variabilité motrice nous apprend sur l’expertise: mesures et perspectives du point de vue des théories de la complexité Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : John Komar, Auteur ; Ludovic Seifert, Auteur ; Régis Thouvarecq, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.65-77 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Expert performance  adaptability  degeneracy  cluster analysis  recurrence quantification analysis Résumé : In this review, we revisit the concept of movement variability in motor expertise from the perspective of complex systems theory; we do so by defining performers and their relationships with the environment. The complex systems perspective places the focus on the functional role of movement variability as an emergent response to interacting constraints as performers pursue task-goals. We therefore show how the shift in theoretical focus towards the functional role of variability has entailed a reconsideration of the way this key property of motor expertise should be assessed. We then present the main theoretical issues surrounding movement variability and expertise through examples of empirical applications of the relevant tools and concepts in the sport and movement sciences. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150020/sm150020.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40827 [article] What Variability tells us about motor expertise: measurements and perspectives from a complex system approach = Ce que la variabilité motrice nous apprend sur l’expertise: mesures et perspectives du point de vue des théories de la complexité [texte imprimé] / John Komar, Auteur ; Ludovic Seifert, Auteur ; Régis Thouvarecq, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.65-77. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.65-77 Mots-clés : Expert performance  adaptability  degeneracy  cluster analysis  recurrence quantification analysis Résumé : In this review, we revisit the concept of movement variability in motor expertise from the perspective of complex systems theory; we do so by defining performers and their relationships with the environment. The complex systems perspective places the focus on the functional role of movement variability as an emergent response to interacting constraints as performers pursue task-goals. We therefore show how the shift in theoretical focus towards the functional role of variability has entailed a reconsideration of the way this key property of motor expertise should be assessed. We then present the main theoretical issues surrounding movement variability and expertise through examples of empirical applications of the relevant tools and concepts in the sport and movement sciences. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150020/sm150020.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40827

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Virtual kicker vs. real goalkeeper in soccer: a way to explore goalkeeper’s performance / Sébastien Brault in Science & motricité, 89 (Octobre 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inScience & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.79-88 Titre : Virtual kicker vs. real goalkeeper in soccer: a way to explore goalkeeper’s performance Titre original : Gardien virtuel vs. réel en football: un moyen pour explorer la performance du gardien de but Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Sébastien Brault, Auteur ; Richard Kulpa, Auteur ; Laouen Duliscouët, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.79-88 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Virtual reality  simulator  goalkeeper  soccer  free kick Résumé : The purpose of this study is to propose an original methodology to study the action of a goalkeeper facing a free kick. This methodology is based on a virtual reality setup in which a real goalkeeper is facing a virtual player and a virtual defensive wall. The setup has been improved to provide a total freedom of movement to the goalkeeper in order to have a realistic interaction between the goalkeeper and the player. The goalkeeper’s movements are captured in real-time to accurately analyze his reactions. Such a methodology not only represents a valuable research tool but also provides a relevant training tool. Using this setup, this paper shows that goalkeepers are more performant during free kick with a wall composed of 5 defenders whatever its position. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150026/sm150026.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40828 [article] Virtual kicker vs. real goalkeeper in soccer: a way to explore goalkeeper’s performance = Gardien virtuel vs. réel en football: un moyen pour explorer la performance du gardien de but [texte imprimé] / Sébastien Brault, Auteur ; Richard Kulpa, Auteur ; Laouen Duliscouët, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.79-88. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Science & motricité > 89 (Octobre 2015) . - p.79-88 Mots-clés : Virtual reality  simulator  goalkeeper  soccer  free kick Résumé : The purpose of this study is to propose an original methodology to study the action of a goalkeeper facing a free kick. This methodology is based on a virtual reality setup in which a real goalkeeper is facing a virtual player and a virtual defensive wall. The setup has been improved to provide a total freedom of movement to the goalkeeper in order to have a realistic interaction between the goalkeeper and the player. The goalkeeper’s movements are captured in real-time to accurately analyze his reactions. Such a methodology not only represents a valuable research tool but also provides a relevant training tool. Using this setup, this paper shows that goalkeepers are more performant during free kick with a wall composed of 5 defenders whatever its position. En ligne : http://www.mov-sport-sciences.org/fr/articles/sm/abs/2015/03/sm150026/sm150026.h [...] Permalink : ./index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=40828

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